Is stereotype threat a useful construct for organizational psychology research and practice. Andrea teaches high school ap psychology and online economics and has a masters degree in curriculum and instruction. Negative stereotypes raise inhibiting doubts and highpressure anxieties in a. Tolkien have been guilty of this in their books, and its a subtle way of contributing to broader cultural stereotypes. Reducing students performance gap bamdad samii what is sterotype threat. Broadly speaking, my research examines the social forces that shape learning and intellectual performance, motivation, and selfimage. Because of stereotype threat, students who are reminded of negative stereotypes about their. Stereotype threat social psychology in action stereotype threat is the fear that ones behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies. You can follow any comments to this entry through the rss 2.
Nevertheless, doubts have emerged about the robustness of. Stereotyping and stereotype threat department of psychology. Stereotype threat is a very complex and nuanced concept. Catherine walsh, director, ap psychology content development.
Stereotypes have been defined as a false classificatory concept to which as a rule a strong emotional feeling tone of likes or dislikes, approval or disapproval is. Not only has stereotype threat been widely criticized by on a theoretical basis, but has failed several attempts to replicate its experimental evidence. See more ideas about psychology, ap psych and ap psychology. Lovettb a department of psychology, stanford university, jordan hall, bldg. A lot of hip hop music videos look like they come straight out of a stereotype factory. Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. Stereotype threat psychology oxford bibliographies.
Suitable for any introductory psychology courses, including ap and ib psychology. The principles of social psychology, including the abcsaffect, behavior, and cognitionapply to the study of. In simple terms, it is an unconscious response to a prevailing negative stereotype about an identifiable group by a member of that group. So far, there have been few registered replication studies of classic stereotype threat studies. It is now common to see in elementary school, high school, and university classrooms, not to mention boardrooms and factory floors, a mixture of ethnicities, races, genders, and religious affiliations. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. An example of stereotype threat could be before taking a driving test to renew a drivers license. Jan 01, 2004 in addition to courses in social psychology and stereotyping, he teaches introductory psychology, history of psychology, the psychology of beliefs, and psychology and law. In addition to courses in social psychology and stereotyping, he teaches introductory psychology, history of psychology, the psychology of beliefs, and psychology and law. Research over the past 15 years has shown that stereotype threat contributes to low performance among african americans, latinos, and the poor, but also among women in math and science, the elderly in memory, and even whites in athletics.
The first comprehensive treatment of stereotypes and stereotyping, this volume synthesizes a vast body of social and cognitive research that has emerged over the past quarter century. Stereotype threat can be a strong force, but in this case,michelle worked harder and focused all of her energy to overcome the belief some people had that perhaps she was not princeton material. Stereotypes stereotype threat, and self fulfilling prophecy video. Each month this year, aauw is teaming up with nature publishing group, one of the worlds leading science publishers, to put together an online forum on women in science. I think it is safe to assume that we have all experienced this at one time or another throughout our lives. The stereotype threat is one way to answer this question. Since the initial articulation of stereotype threat in 1995, hundreds of articles have. However, since this time research has expounded, cataloging numerous psychological, and behavioral outcomes that are affected by experiencing stereotype threat. In the stereotype threat condition, students were told that their performance on the test would be a good indicator of their underlying intellectual abilities. Culture education interventions self and identity stereotyping and stereotype threat miranda l. Stereotype threat social psychology in action youtube. Stereotype threat is the perceived risk of confirming, as selfcharacteristic, a negative stereotype about ones group. The effects of stereotype threat make it a serious problem that needs to be addressed.
When research on stereotype threat was first published, the focus was on academic test performance for women and racial minorities steele and aronson, 1995. For example, we sometimes hear that men are better than women in math and science. Stereotype threat psychology definition iresearchnet. In ib psychology you need to be able to explain the formation of stereotypes, as well as how they may affect behaviour. Key points stereotype threat is an individuals concern with confirming a negative stereotype about his or her group. Students will also see through this book how psychology relates to a wide range of other fields including medicine, law, economics, business. Journal of experimental social psychology, 42, 236243. Stereotype threat is a selfconfirming belief that one may be evaluated. Youtube im sort of thinking, if i fold and im wrong, everybodys going to be like, see, she plays like a girl, look how he pushed her. A close look at this important literature reveals that stereotype.
Examples of stereotypes in popular culture example 1. This book examines this important topic not only at the level of basic. Experiencing stereotype threat does not require an internalization of the negative stereotype, only an awareness that the stereotype exists and a motivation to disprove the stereotype. Stereotype threat can undermine academic and work performance for women and minorities. In stark contrast to theories of genetic intelligence 7,8 and. Stereotype threat widens achievement gap american psychological. Over the past two decades, stereotype threat has become one of the most widely researched topics in social psychology 1,2. Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about the characteristics that are associated with the members of a social group. The mere publication of such a paper suggests a debate in the field of industrialorganizational io psychology on the extent to. Research over the past 15 years has shown that stereotype threat contributes to low performance among african. The other doctors are nice to her, but every time she makes a mistake or comes in late to work, she feels like they. Neither genetics nor cultural differences lead to poor academic achievement.
Academic self concept, applied social psychology, stereotype threat this entry was posted on sunday, november 1st, 2015 at 10. Reaching its 20 th anniversary, steele and aronsons original article has gathered approximately 5,000 citations and has been referred to as a modern classic 4,5,6. The fear that they would confirm a stereotype in the eyes of others has been shown to affect someones academic motivation, selfconcept, and academic performance schneider, 2012. We and others argue that stereotype threat is highly. Stereotype threat is one of the most famous and influential phenomena in all of psychology. Women perform worse on math tests when they think the test will produce gender differences. The official journal of the international social cognition network and has published several social psychology texts. Attribution, stereotype, and discrimination ap psychology. Easily triggered and fairly easily lifted july 05, 2011. This sense of threat usually happens when one is doing something to which such a stereotype applies. A good deal of this research examines the educational disparities between blacks, latinos and whites, and what social psychology can do to explain and address this problem. It is the resulting sense that one might be judged in terms of negative stereotypes about ones group instead of on personal merit. The psychology of stereotyping distinguished contributions. Over 300 studies on academic testing show that the threat of confirming a negative stereotype about ones group sets into motion a sequence of psychological processes that inhibit cognitive capacity and exacerbate performance monitoring.
Frontiers addressing stereotype threat is critical to. Jan 20, 2016 recently researchers have debated the relevance of stereotype threat to the workplace. It is monday afternoon, may 2, and you will be taking the ap psychology exam. What exactly is stereotype threat a threat to, or a fear of. The effect of selfaffirmation on womens intellectual performance. Oct 06, 2015 stereotype threat hidden brain annie duke was often the only woman at the poker table, which influenced the way people saw her, and the way she saw herself. Stereotype threat is defined as a situational predicament in which individuals are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their group. Hundreds of published studies show how the experience of stereotype threat can impair intellectual functioning and interfere with test and school performance. Journal of experimental social psychology, 38, 1125. Like stereotype threat steele, 1997, stereotype lift seems to have a larger effect on people who care most about doing well. Philosophical implications of stereotype threat we are unaware of any work on the philosophical implications of stereotype threat. Steele and joshua aronson conducted the first experiments showing that stereotype. For example, theres a stereotype that old people are bad drivers.
Grace is the only black doctor at the clinic where she works. Emdr therapy emdr provides a history of the approach, including a discussion of the adaptive processing model. Stereotype threat effects have been demonstrated for an array of social groups in many different arenas, including not only academics but also sports, chess and business. Whereas previous explanations for gaps between whites and racial minorities in academic achievement, or between men and women in interest and achievement in science, technology, engineering, and math stem, have often cited cultural, parental, or even. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination bc open textbooks. This test contains ap psychology multiplechoice practice questions with detailed explanations, to be completed in 9 minutes. Although it can affect anyone, certain individuals are more susceptible to the effects of stereotype threat than others. They say stereotype threat is the anxiousness that one feels about confirming a negative stereotype.
The term, stereotype threat, was first used by steele and aronson 1995 who showed in several. Stereotype threat social psychology in action stereotype threat is the fear that ones social psychology 8th edition aronson published by pearson on july 16, 2012, the page 14. An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. The 21st century has brought with it unparalleled levels of diversity in the classroom and the workforce. This is an idea in psychology called stereotype threat. In the non threat condition, they were told that the test was simply a problem solving exercise and was not diagnostic of ability. Stereotype threat can prevent women and minorities from excelling in school and at work. Well consider the role of stereotype threat in more detail later in this chapter. Feeling this way can lead to a number of negative consequences. Improving adolescents standardized test performance. Edwards addictive behaviors culture developmental approaches interventions motivation and emotion self and identity stereotyping and stereotype threat. Feb 23, 2015 this video is part of an online course, intro to psychology. The stereotype threat is the anxiety that students feel when they are faced with expectations consistent with stereotypes about their group schneider, 2012.
Through dramatic personal stories, claude steele shares the expe. This fear can sometimes affect performance definition. Stereotype threat is a selfconfirming belief that one may be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. According to claude steele, selffulfilling prophecy might account for the poorer performance of african americans on intelligence tests and girls on mathematics achievement tests because of a. Stereotype threat can be stressful and distracting for people who experience it.
Highstakes written assessments, the threat of stereotype and hidden curriculum by mark pierce and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Then one knows that one is subject to be judged or treated in. This is the title of a focal article in a recent volume of industrial and organizational psychology. Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on african american college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Among social psychologists, stereotype threat is a popular explanation for performance differences between groups.
Stereotypes are the picture in the head that filters the news effect what one notices and how one views it. Estimation of effect size and clinical significance. Stereotype threat a selfconfirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Stereotype threat is highly pervasive and is not restricted to people with certain characteristics or backgrounds. Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, now in. This socialpsychological phenomenon has been shown to significantly decrease the performance of persons who belong to negatively stereotyped groups. Conscious thought and problem solving ap psychology. Stereotype threat hidden brain annie duke was often the only woman at the poker table, which influenced the way people saw her, and the way she saw herself.
But these changes in academic and economic opportunities have not directly translated. Stereotype threat is a phenomenon that was discovered when researchers found that africanamerican students performed more poorly on a math test after being told that their racial group typically does poorly. Perspectives on science and practice kalokerinos et al. Stereotype threat has been shown to undermine performance in a variety of domains. This situational predicament, termed stereotype threat, continues to be an intensely debated. While stereotype threat exacerbates pressures felt by people who have invested their selfworth in the domain of evaluation, stereotype lift alleviates those pressures. Stereotype threat is the unpleasant psychological experience of confronting negative stereotypes about race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or social status. In 1922, the journalist walter lippmann first popularized the term stereotype, which he described as the image people have in their heads of what a social group is like. Stereotype threat is the fear that ones behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies. It is purportedly a contributing factor to longstanding racial and gender gaps in academic performance situational factors that increase stereotype threat can include the difficulty of the task, the belief that the task measures their. Free practice questions for ap psychology attribution, stereotype, and discrimination.
Psychology, 9e video series sample this is a video sample for new 9th edition of social psychology by aronson available july 2015. Stereotype threat, a social psychological phenomenon, is a concern about being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype. Stereotype threat occurs when people are aware of a negative stereotype about their social group and experience anxiety or concern that they might confirm the stereotype. Critics have argued that stereotype threat is not relevant in high stakes testing such as in personnel selection. Stereotype threat is when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group i. The most widely studied phenomenon are gender differences in performance on challenging math tests. Stereotype threat is when a person feels at risk of conforming to negative stereotypes about his or her race.
141 124 817 16 1542 337 1514 963 459 1318 1077 686 934 610 669 1036 1283 23 716 1359 1324 39 952 432 1238 861 1277 1372 1344 217 1270 1380 842 482 176 1493 240 343 167 353 153